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Since this is a personal, opinionated list you might also check out other resources like:

Let's start at the beginning: Starting with an empty editor view you are prompted with the following promoted shortcuts:

Menu Path Shortcut
Search Everywhere Double <⇧>
Go to File <⇧> + <⌘> + O
Recent Files <⌘> + E
Navigation Bar <⌘> + <up>
Last Edit Location <⇧> + <⌘> <⌫>

Daily Shortcuts

Menu Path Shortcut
Build > Make project <⌘> + F9
Code > Line Comment <⌘> + /
Code > Generate <⌘> + N
Code > Move Line Up <⇧> + <⌥> + <↑>
Code > Move Line Down <⇧> + <⌥> + <↓>
Extend selection <⌥> + <↑>
Goto Breadcrumb <⌘> + <↑>
Navigate to left editor <⇧> + <⌘> + <[>
Navigate to right editor <⇧> + <⌘> + <]>
Use the switcher <⌃> + <⇥>
Code > Insert Live Template <⌘> + J
Code > Optimize Imports <^> + <⌥> + O
Code > Reformat Code <⌥> + <⌘> + L
Code > Remove Line <⌘> + <⌫>
Code > Surround with... <⌥> + <⌘> + T
Edit > Delete Line <⌘> + Y
Edit > Duplicate Line/Selection <⌘> + D
Edit > Find... (incremental find) <⌘> + F
Edit > Find > Find Usages <⌥> + F7
Navigate > Next Error F2
Navigate > File <⇧> + <⌘> + O
Navigate > Symbol <⌥> + <⌘> + O
Refactor > Rename <⇧> + F6
Refactor > Extract > Method <⌥> + <⌘> + M
Refactor > Inline Variable... <⌥> + <⌘> + N
Run > Debug app <^> + D
Run > Run app <^> + R
Run > Run... <^> + <⌥> + R
Run > Toggle Line Breakpoint <⌘> + F8
View > Enter Full Screen <^> + <⌘> + F
View > Recent Files <⌘> +
Maximize Editor <⇧> + <⌘> + F12
Open Terminal <⌥> + F12

Go To

Shortcut
Jump to Navigation Bar <⌘> + <↑>
Declaration <⌘> + B
Implementation(s) <⌥> + <⌘> + B
Type Declaration <⇧> + <⌘> + B
Super Class <⌘> + U
Test (Create New Test) <⇧> + <⌘> + T

Folding

Help / Code Folding

Shortcut
Expand/Collapse <⌘> + <+>/<-> or <.>
Expand/Collapse Recursively <⌥> + <⌘> + <+>/<->
Expand/Collapse All <⇧> + <⌘> + <+>/<->

Other cool stuff

Shortcut
SmartType code completion <^> + <⇧> + Space
Duplicate line <⌘> + D
Searching everywhere <⇧> Double-press
Find in Path <⌘> + <⇧> + F
Evaluate Expression <⌥> + F8
Move between methods in the editor <⌃> + <↑> and <⌃> + <↓>
Join two lines into one <⌃> + <⇧> + J
Review recent changes <⌥> + <⇧> + C
Show definition <⌥> + Space
Find Action <⇧> + <⌘> + A
Brings up a list of valid parameters <⌘> +

Switch parameters <⌥> + <⇧> + <⌘> + /
Create Code Construct <⇧> + <⌘> +
Navigate between Tabs <⇧> + <⌘> + <[ or ]>
Smart step into <⇧> + <F7>

Live Templates

To show currently available live templates use <⌘> + J

Live Template Shortcut
Generate Java main() method psvm
Generate Java System.out.println() sout
Iterate (for each..in) iter
Iterate (for..in) itin
Iterate over a List itli
Iterate elements of array itar
Iterate elements of array in reverse order ritar

Top 10 of IntelliJ "Tip of the Day"

Top 1

To navigate to the declaration of a class, method or variable used somewhere in the code, position the caret at the usage and press <⌘> + B (Navigate | Declaration). You can also click the mouse on usages with the Ctrl key pressed to jump to declarations.

Top 2

You can quickly navigate in the currently edited file with <⌘> + F12 (Navigate | File Structure). It shows the list of members of the current class. Select an element you want to navigate to and press the Enter key or the <⌘> + <↓> key.

Top 3

The SmartType code completion greatly helps to find methods and variables that are suitable in the current context, by analyzing the expected type of the whole expression. So doing, Android Studio pinpoints the top five most suitable results and highlights them on the green background.

Top 4

When using Code Completion, you can accept the currently highlighted selection in the popup list with <⇥> key. Unlike accepting with the <⏎> key, the selected name will overwrite the rest of the name to the right of the caret. This can be especially useful for replacing one method or variable name with another.

Top 5

Live Templates are very convenient in some cases. Open the settings (<⌘> + ,) and add your favorite user templates like this:

System.out.println($END$);

Top 6

To open any class or file in the editor at the desired line, press ⇧⌘O (Navigate | File), start typing the name, and choose the one from the suggestion list. Then type the colon (:) and a line number. The selected file will open with the caret at the specified line.

Top 7

Navigating Between Open Files and Tool Windows: +

Top XY

To be continued...